Hexo+GitHub+Cloudflare搭建免费个人博客网站教程

一、搭建网站步骤

github是一个代码托管网站，它提供了一项github pages服务，这个服务可以将我们托管在github上网页代码生成一个静态网页，然后通过https://username.github.io访问自己的网页，每个帐号只有一个github pages服务

本地安装Git
在本地搭建Hexo，并生成Hexo静态网页
注册GitHub，并创建代码仓库
将本地Hexo代码推送至GitHub仓库
访问GitHub域名，即生成自己的网站

二、本地安装Hexo

1.安装GIT

https://git-scm.com/download/win

下载后安装一路Next，一路向西直至完成安装

恭喜完成修仙第一步，元气期大功造成，接下来打开cmd命令窗口，验证一下成果吧

也可以在桌面点击鼠标右键，在右键菜单中选择Open Git Bash here

安装完成后，还需要进行一些初始化操作，在CMD或Git Bash命令行界面中，执行如下命令配置用户名和邮箱

git config --global user.name "用户名"
git config --global user.email "邮箱地址"
    
C:\Users\admin>git config --global user.name git
C:\Users\admin>git config --global user.email 123456@msn.com
    
C:\Users\admin>git config --list
diff.astextplain.textconv=astextplain
filter.lfs.clean=git-lfs clean -- %f
filter.lfs.smudge=git-lfs smudge -- %f
filter.lfs.process=git-lfs filter-process
filter.lfs.required=true
http.sslbackend=openssl
http.sslcainfo=C:/Program Files/Git/mingw64/etc/ssl/certs/ca-bundle.crt
core.autocrlf=true
core.fscache=true
core.symlinks=false
pull.rebase=false
credential.helper=manager
credential.https://dev.azure.com.usehttppath=true
init.defaultbranch=master
user.name=git
user.email=123456@msn.com

2.安装Node.js

https://nodejs.org/en/download/prebuilt-installer

下载后像安装Git一样，一路Next，一路顺风顺水直至完成安装，然后打开命令窗口执行如下命令校验安装

3.安装Hexo

安装Hexo使用npm方式安装npm install -g hexo-cli

安装完后选择一个位置用来存放网站文件，本次选择C:\Users\admin下的hexo文件夹，执行以下命令

(1)初始化目录
hexo init hexo 

(2)进入hexo目录
cd hexo

(3)安装Hexo
npm install 

(4)启动Hexo服务
hexo server

4.访问hexo网站

http://localhost:4000/

如果不喜欢4000端口或端口被占用可以使用-p指定别的端口hexo clean && hexo g & hexo s -p 8000

5.Hexo启动命令详解

(1)hexo g或hexo generate
该命令执行后创建文章并在hexo站点根目录下生成public文件夹

(2)hexo clean
清理public文件夹删除

(3)hexo s或hexo server
启动Hexo服务, 默认本地网站地址: http://localhost:4000 

(4)hexo d或hexo deploy
部署站点，在本地生成.deploy_git文件夹，按照_config.yml配置文件中deploy参数指定的路径，上传文件

(5)hexo new myblog 或 hex n myblog
在默认路径source\_posts下生成一篇标题名为myblog的文章，进入该目录，打开myblog.md编辑书写文章
C:\Users\admin>cd hexo
C:\Users\admin\hexo>hexo n myblog
INFO  Validating config
INFO  Created: ~\hexo\source\_posts\myblog.md

(6)删除文件
在source/_posts文件夹中手工删除不需要的目录或文件，然后执行hexe clean. hexo g hexo s更新记录

(7)批量执行启动或部署命令
hexo clean && hexo g & hexo s
hexo clean && hexo g & hexo d

执行Hexo命令，必须先cd hexo进入hexo站点目录才能执行

6.Hexo更换主题

打开官网主题页面，选择自己心仪的主题，虽然众多漂亮的主题难以抉择，但也得抑制内心的渴望
https://hexo.io/themes/
点击喜欢的主题下方名字进去github页面，找到主题作者github，复制主题地址，如: https://github.com/fluid-dev/hexo-theme-fluid.git

克隆主题

C:\Users\admin>cd hexo
C:\Users\admin\hexo>git clone https://github.com/fluid-dev/hexo-theme-fluid.git themes/fluid
克隆完主题后，在站点目录hexo下的themes文件夹下会生成一个fluid主题

修改Hexo配置文件C:\Users\admin\hexo\_config.yml中默认主题为 fluid，保存

重新启动Hexo
hexo clean && hexo g & hexo s
输入http://localhost:4000/，可以看到新的主题页面

7.备份恢复站点

(1)备份
备份除站点hexo目录下.gitignore中记录的文件之外的文件即可，即.gitignore中记录的文件不需要备份。

.DS_Store
Thumbs.db
db.json
*.log
node_modules/
public/
.deploy*/
_multiconfig.yml

(2)恢复
重新安装Hexo，然后将备份文件复制至站点Hexo目录，生成新的SSH公钥并添加至GitHub，最后执行hexo clean && hexo g & hexo s

1.删除C:\Users\admin\hexo下所有文件
2.npm安装hexo: npm install hexo --save
3.将备份内容(除.git以外)解压至C:\Users\a下dmin\hexo下
4.克隆redefine主题: git clone https://github.com/EvanNotFound/hexo-theme-redefine.git themes/redefine
5.启动hexo: hexo clean && hexo g && hexo s


(3)push文件至远程仓库，报错的处理方法
C:\Users\admin\hexo>git init
Initialized empty Git repository in C:/Users/admin/hexo/.git/

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git add .

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git commit -m "hexo"

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git push -u origin main
error: src refspec main does not match any
error: failed to push some refs to 'github.com:soxo/soxo.github.io.git'

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git remote -v
origin  git@github.com:soxo/soxo.github.io.git (fetch)
origin  git@github.com:soxo/soxo.github.io.git (push)

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git branch
* master

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git checkout -b main
Switched to a new branch 'main'

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git branch
* main
  master

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git branch -d master
Deleted branch master (was 1e6d178).

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git branch
* main

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git push -u origin master:main
git@github.com: Permission denied (publickey).
fatal: Could not read from remote repository.

C:\Users\admin\hexo>more ..\.ssh\config
Host soxo.github.com
HostName github.com
User git
IdentityFile ~/.ssh/id_rsa_soxo

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git remote set-url origin git@soxo.github.com:soxo/soxo.github.io.git

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git remote -v
origin  git@soxo.github.com:soxo/soxo.github.io.git (fetch)
origin  git@soxo.github.com:soxo/soxo.github.io.git (push)

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git push -u origin main
To soxo.github.com:soxo/soxo.github.io.git
 ! [rejected]        main -> main (fetch first)
error: failed to push some refs to 'soxo.github.com:soxo/soxo.github.io.git'
hint: Updates were rejected because the remote contains work that you do not
hint: have locally. This is usually caused by another repository pushing to
hint: the same ref. If you want to integrate the remote changes, use
hint: 'git pull' before pushing again.
hint: See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details.


C:\Users\admin\hexo>git pull origin main
remote: Enumerating objects: 321, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (319/319), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (152/152), done.
remote: Total 321 (delta 149), reused 298 (delta 143), pack-reused 2
Receiving objects: 100% (321/321), 15.25 MiB | 26.00 KiB/s, done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (149/149), done.
From soxo.github.com:soxo/soxo.github.io
 * branch            main       -> FETCH_HEAD
 * [new branch]      main       -> origin/main
fatal: refusing to merge unrelated histories

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git branch -r
  origin/main
  
C:\Users\admin\hexo>git push origin --delete main
To soxo.github.com:soxo/soxo.github.io.git
 - [deleted]         main

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git branch -r

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git branch
* main

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git push -u origin main
Enumerating objects: 76, done.
Counting objects: 100% (76/76), done.
Delta compression using up to 16 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (62/62), done.
Writing objects: 100% (76/76), 107.82 KiB | 322.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 76 (delta 8), reused 44 (delta 1), pack-reused 0 (from 0)
remote: Resolving deltas: 100% (8/8), done.
remote:
remote: Create a pull request for 'main' on GitHub by visiting:
remote:      https://github.com/soxo/soxo.github.io/pull/new/main
remote:
To soxo.github.com:soxo/soxo.github.io.git
 * [new branch]      main -> main
branch 'main' set up to track 'origin/main'.

三、注册并配置GitHub

1.注册GitHUB

https://github.com/，打开官网，点击右上角Sign up，填写邮箱、密码、用户名点击Continue进行注册，注册邮件会收到验证码，填入验证码注册即可

2.创建Repository仓库

点击Create repository创建github仓库,或者点击右侧头像,在下拉菜单选择your repositories, 在弹出的页面点击New按钮创建repository仓库

注意: Repository name必须是注册github的用户名.github.io, 即hexohub.github.io, 填写其它内容最终都无法打开网页, 这是github统一格式

复制上方两段代码备用

3.配置分支

点击右侧头像,在下拉菜单选择your repositories, 点击hexohub.github.io链接进入仓库界面, 点击上方设置

echo "# hexohub.github.io" >> README.md
git init
git add README.md
git commit -m "first commit"
git branch -M main
git remote add origin https://github.com/hexohub/hexohub.github.io.git
git push -u origin main


git remote add origin https://github.com/hexohub/hexohub.github.io.git
git branch -M main
git push -u origin main

4.创建、删除、查看分支基本操作

除了默认的main分区外，也可以自己创建gh-pages分支用于存放网站内容:
(1)创建分支
git branch gh-pages  # 创建本地分支
git checkout gh-pages  # 切换分支
git checkout -b gh-pages    # 创建并切换到新创建的分支
git remote remove origin   # 删除远程仓库地址信息
git remote add origin git@github.com:hexohub/hexohub.github.io.git   #添加远程仓库地址信息
git push -u origin gh-pages   #推送分支到GitHub仓库
git push origin --delete gh-pages  #删除远程分支，删除操作不可逆转

(2)查看分支
git branch -a   # 查看所有分支
git branch -av   # 查看详细分支信息
git branch -r    # 查看远程分支

(3)删除本地分支
git branch -d  
  
(4)删除远程分支
git push origin --delete gh-pages

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git push origin --delete gh-pages
error: unable to delete 'gh-pages': remote ref does not exist
error: failed to push some refs to 'github.com:hexohub/hexohub.github.io.

remote ref does not exist这个错误提示说明远程分支已删除，git branch -av还能看到，是因为git fetch保存到本地的缓存信息还在。

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git fetch --prune origin   # 或者执行git fetch --p origin

(5)删除远程分支里面的文件夹，不删除分支
C:\Users\admin\hexo>git rm -r --cached themes
rm 'themes/.gitkeep'
rm 'themes/readme'
rm 'themes/redefine'

(6)删除本地和远程分支里面的文件或文件夹，不删除分支
---删除本地和远程分支文件
C:\Users\admin\hexo>git rm filename

---删除本地和远程分支文件夹
git rm -r directoryname

(6)查看远程仓库地址
#该命令会列出所有已配置的远程仓库的名称和URL
git remote -v  

# 添加远程仓库
git remote add <remote-name> <remote-url>

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git remote -v
origin  git@13888.github.com:hexohub/hexohub.github.io.git (fetch)
origin  git@13888.github.com:hexohub/hexohub.github.io.git (push)

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git remote add soxo.github.io git@soxo.github.com:soxo/soxo.github.io.git

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git remote -v
origin  git@13888.github.com:hexohub/hexohub.github.io.git (fetch)
origin  git@13888.github.com:hexohub/hexohub.github.io.git (push)
soxo.github.io  git@soxo.github.com:soxo/soxo.github.io.git (fetch)
soxo.github.io  git@soxo.github.com:soxo/soxo.github.io.git (push)

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git push -u soxo.github.io main


# 删除远程仓库
git remote remove <remote-name>

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git remote -v
origin  git@13888.github.com:hexohub/hexohub.github.io.git (fetch)
origin  git@13888.github.com:hexohub/hexohub.github.io.git (push)
soxo.github.io  git@soxo.github.com:soxo/soxo.github.io.git (fetch)
soxo.github.io  git@soxo.github.com:soxo/soxo.github.io.git (push)


C:\Users\admin\hexo>git remote remove soxo.github.io

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git remote -v
origin  git@13888.github.com:hexohub/hexohub.github.io.git (fetch)
origin  git@13888.github.com:hexohub/hexohub.github.io.git (push)

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git remote remove origin

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git remote -v
origin

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git remote add origin git@soxo.github.com:soxo/soxo.github.io.git

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git remote -v
origin  git@soxo.github.com:soxo/soxo.github.io.git (fetch)
origin  git@soxo.github.com:soxo/soxo.github.io.git (push)

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git push -u origin main
branch 'main' set up to track 'origin/main'.
Everything up-to-date

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git add .

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git commit -m "hexo"

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git push -u origin main


# 显示每个远程分支的引用信息
C:\Users\admin\hexo>git ls-remote
From git@soxo.github.com:soxo/soxo.github.io.git
40eb5e1b5ec11f878c823dc4806efad4c68730bd        HEAD
40eb5e1b5ec11f878c823dc4806efad4c68730bd        refs/heads/gp-pages
03ed3de1172965883adc6e612a0c6aeb70eadf61        refs/heads/main

# 显示远程仓库的详细信息
C:\Users\admin\hexo>git remote show origin
* remote origin
  Fetch URL: git@soxo.github.com:soxo/soxo.github.io.git
  Push  URL: git@soxo.github.com:soxo/soxo.github.io.git
  HEAD branch: gp-pages
  Remote branches:
    gp-pages new (next fetch will store in remotes/origin)
    main     tracked
  Local branch configured for 'git pull':
    main merges with remote main
  Local ref configured for 'git push':
    main pushes to main (up to date)


# 修改远程仓库URL
git remote set-url <remote-name> <new-remote-url>


这里 <remote-name> 是您要操作的远程仓库的名称，通常默认为 origin。 <remote-url> 是远程仓库的URL地址。 <new-remote-url> 是远程仓库的新地址。
例如，如果您想要添加一个新的远程仓库并命名为 upstream，URL为 https://github.com/upstream/repo.git，您可以使用:
git remote add upstream https://github.com/upstream/repo.git
如果您想要将 origin 远程仓库的URL更改为一个新的地址，比如 https://github.com/newuser/newrepo.git，您可以使用:
git remote set-url origin https://github.com/newuser/newrepo.git
最后，如果您想要删除名为 upstream 的远程仓库，可以使用:
git remote remove upstream


(7)删除示例
C:\Users\admin\hexo>git branch -a
* gh-pages
  main
  remotes/origin/main

# 删除分区前，需切换当前分区到主分区
C:\Users\admin\hexo>git checkout main
M       _config.yml
M       source/_posts/python/python3-installation.md
M       source/_posts/script/hexo-deploy-github.md
M       source/css/custom_style.css
D       themes/tomotoes
Switched to branch 'main'

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git branch -a
  gh-pages
* main
  remotes/origin/main

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git branch -d gh-pages
Deleted branch gh-pages (was 9661ac3).

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git branch -a
* main
  remotes/origin/main
  
  
C:\Users\admin\hexo>git branch  -a
* main
  remotes/origin/main

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git branch -d  remotes/origin/main
error: branch 'remotes/origin/main' not found

# git branch -dr删除远程跟踪分支origin/main，但不会影响远程仓库中的main分支。如果你想删除本地的main分支，可以使用
C:\Users\admin\hexo>git branch -dr origin/main
Deleted remote-tracking branch origin/main (was 57fe0d3).

C:\Users\admin\hexo>git branch  -a
* main

四、配置ssh免密登录

配置本地hexo到github免密上传文件

1.本地创建密钥

(1)Windows添加OpenSSH服务器
Windows11安装OpenSSH服务器:
设置---添加可选功能---OpenSSH服务器
 
(2)创建密钥
C:\Users\admin>ssh-keygen -t rsa -C 123456@msn.com

Generating public/private rsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (C:\Users\admin/.ssh/id_rsa):
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase):
Enter same passphrase again:
Your identification has been saved in C:\Users\admin/.ssh/id_rsa
Your public key has been saved in C:\Users\admin/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:MwQ8HrLBd4hnXtpeFPmiqcvVAR7YWqWwg0Z3K98ynrg admin@DESKTOP-JJN2EOG
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 3072]----+
|   ..o+.. oo     |
|   .=oOBo+o      |
|    oX=BO. .     |
|   .. +O.+o .    |
|      ..S+o.     |
|       o+B .     |
|      ..+ .      |
|     ..o         |
|      E.         |
+----[SHA256]-----+

C:\Users\admin>cd .ssh

C:\Users\admin\.ssh>dir
 Volume in drive C has no label.
 Volume Serial Number is 70E6-2E1B

 Directory of C:\Users\admin\.ssh

2024-07-02  19:06    <DIR>          .
2024-07-02  19:06    <DIR>          ..
2024-07-02  19:06             2,610 id_rsa
2024-07-02  19:06               576 id_rsa.pub
2024-01-31  16:21             1,021 known_hosts
2024-01-30  09:43               187 known_hosts.old
               4 File(s)          4,394 bytes
               2 Dir(s)   7,510,503,424 bytes free

(3)查看并复制公有密钥内容
C:\Users\admin\.ssh>more id_rsa.pub
ssh-rsa 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 123456@msn.com

2.GitHub配置key

右上角点击头像，选择设置，点击左侧导航菜单SSH and GPG keys.

填写标题，将第1步中本地创建的密钥粘贴进key方框中，点击Add SSH key按钮，生成key

3.验证SSH是否成功

1	$ ssh -T git@github.com

五、推送本地代码到GitHub

将本地代码上传至GitHub

1.安装部署插件

1	$ npm install hexo-deployer-git --save

2.Hexo配置部署参数

打开Hexo站点目录(C:\Users\admin\hexo)下的_config.yml参数文件，填写以下内容:

deploy:
  type: git
  #repo: https://github.com/hexohub/hexohub.github.io.git    # 建议使用下方ssh方式，劝退https，经常会遇到未知错误
  repo: git@github.com:hexohub/hexohub.github.io.git   # 使用ssh连接
  branch: main